Bispecific Antibody Formats

Bispecific Antibody Formats designates the diverse molecular architectures enabling simultaneous binding of two distinct antigens or epitopes within single antibody molecules, ranging from full-length IgG-like structures with modifications enabling dual specificity to smaller fragment-based formats lacking Fc regions, each offering distinct pharmacokinetic, manufacturing, and functional profiles.

The biopharmaceutical industry has developed numerous bispecific formats for diverse therapeutic applications. CrossMab, Knobs-into-holes, and common light chain technologies enable full-length bispecific IgG production with extended half-life. BiTE, DART, and tandem scFv formats create smaller molecules for T-cell engagement applications with rapid tumour penetration. DVD-Ig and dual-variable-domain antibodies incorporate additional binding domains within IgG frameworks. Common heavy chain approaches using different light chains enable efficient manufacturing. Fc-containing formats exploit FcRn recycling for extended half-life while smaller formats clear rapidly, useful for acute applications. Format selection balances desired pharmacokinetics, manufacturing feasibility, effector function requirements, and clinical application. As clinical validation across formats accumulates, format selection continues becoming more rational.