Liposome

Liposome denotes a spherical vesicle composed of one or more phospholipid bilayers capable of encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. These structures mimic natural cell membranes, enabling them to interact favourably with biological systems while protecting payloads from degradation. Liposomes vary in size, lamellarity, and surface properties, with formulations designed for controlled release, improved stability, and enhanced tissue delivery.

The pharmaceutical industry employs liposomal formulations to improve therapeutic index by enhancing delivery to target tissues while reducing systemic toxicity. Liposomes are particularly valuable for cytotoxic oncology agents, antifungal therapies, and vaccines, where controlled distribution and reduced off-target exposure are clinically meaningful. Surface modification strategies such as PEGylation improve circulation time, while ligand-based targeting enhances uptake in specific tissues or tumour microenvironments. Manufacturing requires tight control of particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, sterility, and stability. As nanomedicine advances, liposomes remain one of the most established and clinically validated delivery platforms translating membrane science into improved patient outcomes.